Can osseous landmarks in the distal medial humerus be used to identify the attachment sites of ligaments and tendons: paleopathologic–anatomic imaging study in cadavers

Objective: To describe osseous landmarks that allow identification of the attachments of the ligaments and tendons in the distal medial aspect of the humerus. Materials and methods: Reliable osseous landmarks in the distal medial aspect of the humerus were identified in 34 well-preserved specimens from a paleopathologic collection. These osseous landmarks were then sought in magnetic resonance (MR) images of ten cadaveric elbow specimens so that the ease of their visualization and optimal imaging plane could be assessed. To assign these osseous landmarks to specific attachments of the tendons and ligaments in the distal medial humerus, we cut the specimens in slices and photographed and examined them. Subsequently, the prevalence of these osseous landmarks as well as the attachment sites of the tendons and ligaments in this location was determined. Results: We determined ten reliable osseous landmarks in the distal medial aspect of the humerus, their prevalence and ease of identification, and their relationship to the attachments of the tendons and ligaments at the medial distal humerus. Conclusion: It is possible to use osseous landmarks at the distal medial humerus to facilitate identification of the different attachments of tendons and ligaments when MR images of the elbow are assesse

First report of the ectomycorrhizal status of boletes on the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico determined using isotopic methods

Despite their prominent role for tree growth, few studies have examined the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland, seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTF). Although fruiting bodies of boletes have been observed in a dry tropical forest on the Northern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, their occurrence is rare and their mycorrhizal status is uncertain. To determine the trophic status (mycorrhizal vs. saprotrophic) of these boletes, fruiting bodies were collected and isotopically compared to known saprotrophic fungi, foliage, and soil from the same site. Mean δ15N and δ13C values differed significantly between boletes and saprotrophic fungi, with boletes 8.0‰ enriched and 2.5‰ depleted in 15N and 13C, respectively relative to saprotrophic fungi. Foliage was depleted in 13C relative to both boletes and saprotrophic fungi. Foliar δ15N values, on the other hand, were similar to saprotrophic fungi, yet were considerably lower relative to bolete fruiting bodies. Results from this study provide the first isotopic evidence of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland SDTF and emphasize the need for further research to better understand the diversity and ecological importance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in these forested ecosystems

Synthesis of (η5-C5Me5)Ru(η6-tryptamine)(CF3SO3) complexes : chemospecific η6 coordination of the (η5-C5Me5)Ru+ moiety

A series of Cp*Ru(eta6-N(b)-acyltryptamine)OTf and Cp*Ru(eta6-N(b)-CBZ-tryptamine)OTf complexes have been prepared from the reaction of Cp*Ru(CH3CN)3OTf (1) with the corresponding N(b)-acyl-tryptamine and N(b)-CBZ-tryptamine derivatives in THF at ambient reaction conditions under an argon atmosphere. The complexes are air stable and were obtained in high yields (>90%). Cp*Ru(eta6-N(b)-BOC-tryptamine]OTf (10) and Cp*Ru(eta6-N(b)-CBZ-tryptamine)OTf(16) were readily converted into Cp*Ru(eta6-tryptamine)OTf (3) in good yields (61% and 87%, respectively). The kinetic eta6 coordination of the electrophilic Cp*Ru+ moiety was found to be chemospecific for the electron-rich indole nucleus. No competing eta6 coordination was observed at the arene unit of a variety of substituted N(b)-CBZ-tryptamine derivatives